ROME. Pope Francis marked his 87th birthday on Sunday, concluding a significant year that witnessed major strides in his mission to reform the Catholic Church, juxtaposed with health concerns that cast a shadow over his future as pope.

The pontiff commemorated his birthday with a jovial audience with children, where he enjoyed cake, and St. Peter’s Square adorned with “Happy Birthday” banners during his customary noon blessing.

A notable early birthday gift arrived on Saturday with the conclusion of a complex trial supported by Francis to underscore his commitment to financial reforms. The trial yielded a mix of guilty verdicts and acquittals, with Cardinal Angelo Becciu, a high-profile defendant, convicted of embezzlement and sentenced to 5½ years in prison.

Christopher Bellitto, a history professor at Kean University, remarked, “It was quite a year for a pope who’s obviously thinking about legacy and finishing up.”

Pope Francis now stands as one of the oldest popes in history, and questions about his future have arisen amid health scares. Earlier this year, respiratory issues led to the cancellation of significant events, raising concerns about the pope’s ability to maintain the demanding schedule of the modern papacy.

David Gibson, director of the Center on Religion and Culture at Fordham University, reflected on the challenges facing an aging pope: “It’s a great improvement from the time when the pope was just a king in his throne surrounded by a royal court. But with such expectations, can any pope govern into his 80s and even 90s and be effective?”

While health concerns punctuated the pope’s 87th year, the passing of Pope Benedict XVI on December 31 has removed the shadow of a more conservative pope, allowing Francis to accelerate his reform agenda and address opposition from within the Church.

Pope Francis presided over the initial phase of a synod aimed at making the Catholic Church more inclusive and responsive to the needs of its members. The synod’s first session concluded with calls to include women in decision-making roles, and its impact will likely shape the remainder of Francis’ papacy.

Fordham’s Gibson emphasized the significance of the ongoing effort to reform the Church’s governance structure, stating, “The effort to change the rigidly top-down nature of governance in Catholicism is the main reform project of the Francis papacy and its success or failure will likely be his chief legacy.”

In a notable move, Francis appointed a progressive theologian, Cardinal Victor Fernandez, as the Vatican’s chief doctrine watchdog, signaling a potential shift in the Church’s teachings on various issues.

Simultaneously, the pope confronted conservative critics, including the exile of Archbishop Georg Gaenswein and the removal of Bishop Joseph Strickland and Cardinal Raymond Burke, signaling a firm response to dissent within the Church.

Natalia Imperatori-Lee, professor of religious studies at Manhattan College, suggested that Pope Francis, propelled by the synod’s success, is contemplating his legacy more than ever before. She noted, “The synod is a huge part of that legacy, obviously, and you can see his investment in having it succeed.”

As Pope Francis concludes his 87th year, the Vatican and the Catholic Church are poised at a crossroads, with the pope navigating the delicate balance between health concerns, internal opposition, and the pursuit of lasting reforms. The coming year is likely to witness further developments that will shape the legacy of Pope Francis.