MANILA, Philippines —The recent repatriation of Filipino workers who left the country through illegal “backdoor” routes and the arrest of undocumented foreign nationals in Surigao del Norte have renewed calls to modernize the Philippines’ border security system, with lawmakers and immigration officials warning that the country’s decades-old immigration framework is no longer equipped to address evolving threats such as human trafficking, terrorism, and transnational crime.
The latest incidents have intensified discussions on long-pending reforms to the Bureau of Immigration (BI), whose operations continue to be governed primarily by the Philippine Immigration Act of 1940, a law that officials say no longer reflects today’s border security challenges.
On June 16, the BI announced the repatriation of 11 Filipinos from Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia, after they traveled abroad through illegal maritime “backdoor” routes in pursuit of overseas employment.
According to the BI, six of the repatriated workers bypassed legal departure procedures before finding jobs in the construction, mechanical, and maritime sectors. Most of them reportedly received no salary during their employment.
Immigration Commissioner Joel Anthony Viado said the incident illustrates the dangers faced by Filipinos who leave the country through unauthorized routes after being lured by illegal recruiters promising jobs abroad.
He warned that unscrupulous recruiters continue to exploit job seekers by encouraging them to evade legal immigration procedures, leaving workers vulnerable to labor exploitation, trafficking, and abuse.
Just 10 days later, on June 26, BI operatives arrested 10 foreign nationals in General Luna, Surigao del Norte, for alleged immigration violations.
Those arrested included four Israeli nationals, two Chinese nationals, and one each from Lithuania, Australia, Morocco, and Nigeria. Authorities said the group was found to have committed violations that included overstaying and engaging in gainful employment without the required permits.
The incidents have strengthened calls in Congress for comprehensive immigration reforms.
Senator Francis “Kiko” Pangilinan, author of Senate Bill No. 1867, has urged the modernization of the BI, arguing that a pre-World War II legal framework can no longer adequately address present-day security concerns.
“Hindi na sapat ang isang pre-war na balangkas para sa mga hamon ng makabagong panahon,” Pangilinan previously said, stressing the need for stronger institutional capacity and updated immigration policies.
House Speaker Ferdinand Martin Romualdez has also backed the proposed Bureau of Immigration Modernization Bill, saying it would improve both border security and the travel experience of legitimate passengers.
“This bill’s importance cannot be overstated. It is two-pronged in that it will improve travel experience and at the same time tighten up our border security,” Romualdez said in an earlier statement.
Meanwhile, Senator Raffy Tulfo has emphasized the importance of strengthening government data systems and addressing vulnerabilities in the country’s maritime borders.
Tulfo previously warned that inadequate cross-matching of immigration data and weaker monitoring at seaports could be exploited by foreign nationals and transnational criminal groups, including those using dredging vessels to enter the country illegally or facilitate smuggling operations.
As part of the government’s modernization efforts, the BI is reviewing the proposed Civil Aviation and Immigration Security Services (CAISS) project, a P10.74-billion public-private partnership that aims to upgrade immigration security systems across the country’s 11 operational international airports.
BI spokesperson Dana Sandoval described the proposal as a comprehensive, end-to-end border management system that integrates frontline immigration operations with data collection, processing, and risk assessment.
Under the proposal, immigration checkpoints would be equipped with biometric verification, automated electronic gates, contactless facial recognition technology, advanced passenger information systems, biometric kiosks, and artificial intelligence capable of identifying potential human traffickers, terrorists, and other high-risk travelers before they enter or leave the Philippines.
The project has already completed the Swiss challenge process without receiving competing proposals.
The modernization initiative will follow a user-pays financing model, under which international travelers may be charged approximately US$4, or about P240, for every arrival or departure. The fee would allow the private concessionaire to recover its investment without direct government funding.
According to the BI, the proposal also includes a mandatory technology refresh every four years to ensure that immigration systems remain up to date without requiring additional taxpayer funding.
The collection of user fees for public-private partnership projects is authorized under Section 13 of Republic Act No. 11966, or the Public-Private Partnership Code of the Philippines, subject to the approval and regulation of the appropriate government agency as provided in the PPP contract.
Viado said modernizing the country’s border management infrastructure is essential to strengthening the government’s fight against human trafficking, illegal migration, terrorism, and other forms of transnational crime.
With illegal departures, unauthorized entries, and cross-border criminal activities continuing to challenge authorities, immigration officials and lawmakers agree that the Philippines must accelerate reforms and replace its 85-year-old immigration framework with a system capable of responding to today’s increasingly complex security threats.
